Why Greek Catholics Of Ukraine Seek Recognition As Patriarchate – Analysis
By CNA
By Andrea Gagliarducci
The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church is not a patriarchate, but it would like to be.
A request for a recognition of patriarchal status recently came from Major Archbishop Sviatoslav Shevchuk, who addressed it in a speech delivered Feb. 9 for the 125th anniversary of the birth of Cardinal Josip Sliyi.
The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church is a church sui iuris, which means it is an autonomous Church with its specific rite, but in communion with Rome and subject to the governance of the Pope.
Usually, Churches sui iuris are established as patriarchates. This means that they are led by a patriarch, elected by their synod, or leadership council of bishops. The Pope is informed of the election of the Patriarch, after which he grants ecclesiastical communio to the Patriarch.
The Greek Ukrainian Catholic Church is instead a major archepiscopate. This means that, after the synod elects the major archbishop, the Pope must confirm the election to make it valid.
Cardinal Slipyi was the first head of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church to be denoted a Major Archbishop.
The situation was well explained in a speech by Archbishop Cyril Vasil, secretary of the Congregation for the Eastern Churches.
In a lecture delivered at the Pontificio Istituto Orientale in February 2017, Archbishop Vasil reminded that “during the Second Vatican Council’s preparations, considered was made to give the status of patriarchate to the Ukrainian, Malabarese and Ethiopic Churches. After a wide discussion,the Ukrainian, Malabarese and Romanian Churches were promoted to the rank of major archepiscopate.”
He also noted that the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church has “more than any other” sought to be recognized as Patriarchate. However,he added, “there were and are ecumenical issue that prevent recognizing the Greek Catholic Church as a Patriarchate.”
In the end, Archbishop Vasil said, “from Paul VI on, popes have always recognized the reasoning behind the Ukrainian request, but they have not made this administrative step, in order not to harm an ecumenical path with the Orthodox world, and in particular with the Moscow Patriarchate, thus requiring of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church a courageous witness of patience.”
Major Archbishop Shevchuk’s request need to be framed by this background.
Major Archbishop Shevchuk mentioned three different documents to support the request for a recognition as a patriarchate.
The most important of these documents is a letter sent by then metropolitan Josip Slipyi to Bl. Paul VI.
The letter is dated Aug. 19, 1963, and requests the pope recognize the Greek Catholic Patriarchate.
The second document is a letter sent by the Greek Catholic Bishops taking part to the Second Vatican Council.
And the third document is a letter by Cardinal Lubomyr Husar, the Major Archbishop’s predecessor as head of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church.
Cardinal Husar stressed that the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church have “all the rights and the signs of a Patriarchal Church,” and underscored that “the final goal is the flourishing life of the Church of Kiev: Patriarchate is a state of mind, and the most important manifestation of the essence and the vocation of the Church.”
Cardinal Husar also listed five reasons why the possible establishment of a Patriarchate of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church is always rejected.
The reasons mentioned were that the Patriarchate could weaken its link with Rome; that the Patriarchate could generate a nationalist Church and division with the other confessions; that the Patriarchate might be an obstacle to the union of Christians in Ukraine; that a Greek Catholic Patriarchate would threaten the Orthodox Moscow Patriarchate that considers Ukraine as its own territory; that the Patriarchate would be a ‘revival’ of the notion of uniate Church, already condemned as a wrong path to reach out for unity.
Major Archbishop Shevchuk described Cardinal Husar analysis as “exhaustive.”
The head of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church also debunked these five reasons. He maintained that these objections show a lack of understanding of the role of the Pope as a universal bishop. So, he added, a Greek Catholic Patriarchate could have “the function to show the orthodox world the ministry of Peter’s successor, without in any way weakening the communion with Peter.”
The example of an Orthodox Church in communion with Rome – Major Archbishop Shevchuk added, witnesses “the unity of the Christ’s Church of the first millennium.”
With the reference to the first millennium, the Major Archbishop went beyond the Moscow Patriarchate’s ecclesiastical and historical memory, because the Moscow Patriarchate “was born and formed after the so called Great Schism.”
The original unions with Rome in the 1595-1596 and 1646 were not all that forced. For the most part they were voluntary by the bishops of that day and need to be seen in context. Constantinople had fallen and was in chaos. Moscow was an unimportant village. They also thought that to enter in communion with Rome meant they would become first-class citizens in a Roman Catholic empire. [That never happened, of course.] Almost nothing changed for the ordinary people, expect for their communion with Rome.
Yes, there were Latinizations. But they also happened in Moscow, where theology was taught in Latin and they did thinks like replace white vestments for funerals with black (which they borrowed from the Poles).
The Christians of Ukraine are today free to choose to be either Orthodox or Catholic. That freedom needs to be respected. It would help if Moscow apologized for forcing them to become Russian Orthodox during the Communist era, when they sat silent while bishops and priests were executed or exiled, and their churches confiscated. And with parishes abandoning the Moscow Patriarchate for one of the native Ukrainian Churches (both Orthodox and Greek Catholic), Moscow should finally understand that these people are not Russians, nor do they want to be Russian, nor do they wish to be ruled from Moscow. What is needed is an independent Church with its own patriarchate.
I think the Ukrainian Greek Catholics are doing the right thing. They are attempting to witness the fullness of Orthodoxy within Catholic communion. Something that would be normative should East and West every resolve their differences and restore full communion.