Climate Change Is Making The Arba’een Pilgrimage Dangerously Hot

Around 20 million Shia Muslims participate in Arba’een, one of the world’s largest religious gatherings. A new study projects climate change will make dangerous temperatures more common during Arba’een by the end of the 21st century, threatening participants with an increased risk of heat-related illness.

Pilgrims are exposed to the elements while traveling on foot to Karbala, Iraq, where they commemorate the martyrdom of Al-Hussain ibn Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad. On one popular route, pilgrims travel around 80 kilometers (~50 miles) from Najaf, Iraq, and typically reach Karbala within one to three days, but other routes can be as long as 500 kilometers (~311 miles).

Arba’een is scheduled according to the Islamic calendar, which is based on the lunar cycles, so it occurs 11  days earlier on our solar calendar each year, progressing through the seasons. Wintertime temperatures during Arba’een should remain tolerable, but when Arba’een occurs in the summer, heat stress is likely to reach dangerous levels by the end of the 21st century, according to the new study published in Geophysical Research Letters, AGU’s journal for high-impact, short-format reports with immediate implications spanning all Earth and space sciences.

The study’s authors, Yeon-Woo Choi and Elfatih Eltahir, used regional climate models to predict how future climate change could threaten the health of Arba’een pilgrims. Their models forecasted future wet-bulb temperature, the lowest temperature to which evaporating water can cool air based on the local air temperature and humidity. Wet-bulb temperatures exceeding 24 degrees Celsius (75 degrees Fahrenheit) become dangerous because sweat cannot sufficiently prevent the body from heating up.

In high greenhouse gas emission scenarios, the study predicts average summertime temperatures could cross this danger threshold between 2050-2060. The authors said increasing nighttime temperatures may also prove problematic as they prevent pilgrims from adequately recovering from exposure to the day’s heat.

As climate change increases the region’s temperatures, it could put additional strain on healthcare systems already challenged by heat waves. Daytime temperatures during this year’s pilgrimage, which began ahead of Arba’een’s start on 16 September, were a challenge. According to Aljazeera, some pilgrims fainted when temperatures reached 41 degrees Celsius (105.8 degrees Fahrenheit). The study suggests such extreme heat events will become more common if Iraqi summers continue to warm.

The study adds Arba’een to the list of religious mass gatherings that could be impacted by climate change. According to Ashraf Zakey, a climate scientist with the Egyptian Meteorological Authority who was not involved in the study, Muslims participating in the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca also face heat strokes, heat stress, and heat cramps. Previous research from Eltahir’s lab suggests climate change could also put Hajj pilgrims at increased risk of heat-related illness.