Countering Civilizationalism: Lebanese And Iraqi Protesters Transcend Sectarianism – Analysis

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Protests in Lebanon have evolved into more than a fight against failed and corrupt government that has long stymied development in the Middle East and North Africa.

The protests constitute a rare demand for political and social structures that emphasize national rather than ethnic or sectarian religious identities in a world in which civilizational leaders who advocate some form of racial, ethnic or religious supremacy govern the world’s major as well as key regional powers.

“One, one, one, we are one people,” is a popular slogan chanted by Lebanese protesters irrespective of their denomination.

Tens of thousands of protesters emphasized last Sunday the quest for a political structure and identity that transcends sect by forming a human chain that stretched along Lebanon’s Mediterranean coast.

“We are one people. ‘Our’ leaders have been fooling us for decades that we are not one nation, but a group of nations. The past 10 days have shown that we are truly one nation, we are Lebanese, and that’s why you only see the Lebanese flag,” said Sobhi Jaroudi, a 67-year old Beirut resident who joined the chain.

It’s a do or die situation… We are ready to face fear and face responsibility that comes with facing a sectarian structure that has been in place for 30 years,” added Mohammed Shamas, a young protester, insisting he had no desire to live in a country of corrupt, sectarian politicians that have dragged the country down for their own benefit.

The protesters may not frame their demands in terms that go beyond their fragile Lebanese nation state even if those demands, stemming from constitutionally institutionalized sectarianism, have broader significance.

If they succeed in transforming Lebanese identity and translating that into constitutional reform, Lebanese protesters will have contributed to securing the future of protest as an effective tool of change.

That future depends on protesters’ perceptions of a common interest that transcends sect, ethnicity and class becoming part of the fabric of society.

Lebanese protesters’ success this week in forcing Prime Minister Saad Harari to resign also highlighted the difficulty in transcending sectarianism.

Sunni Muslim voices noted that it was a Sunni Muslim politician that had stepped down, reinforcing calls by protesters that he form a new Cabinet of technocrats only.

Nevertheless, Mr. Hariri’s resignation buoyed primarily Shiite demonstrators in Iraq, whose anti-sectarian instincts, according to Fanar Haddad, an Iraq scholar at the National University of Singapore’s Middle East Institute, have been reflected in increasingly issue- rather than identity-oriented demands since 2015.

Following in Lebanon’s footsteps, Iraqi prime minister Adil Abdul-Mahdi is under increasing pressure to step down.

In the most recent Iraqi protests, those instincts were evident in slogans denouncing Iranian influence in the country and the government’s perceived prioritization of Iranian over Iraqi interests.

Protesters blamed Iran and its Iraqi proxies for the harsh response by security forces that has cost the lives of more than 200 people.

The Guardian quoted an Iraqi intelligence officer as saying that the operations room coordinating the security response to the demonstrations was run by Iranian and Iraqi militia commanders. “These militia became the tool to oppress the demonstrations,” the officer said.

The anti-Iranian slogans also reflected attitudes expressed by Ayatollah Ali Husseini Sistani, one of Shiite Islam’s foremost scholars and spiritual leaders known as the “safety valve of Iraq,” who has sought to counter sectarianism, keep a distance to Iran, and steer Iraq towards a more cohesive society.

They also amounted to what journalist Ghaith Abdul-Ahad termed “anger towards a corrupt religious oligarchy.”

Ayatollah Sistani signalled his support for the protesters with the handing out of free food, water and drinks and the provision of toilet facilities to the protesters by the Imam Ali shrine in Najaf that is run by his representative.

The anger, like a rift in the power base of Hezbollah, the Iranian-backed Lebanese Shiite political movement and militia, and Amal, another Shiite group led by parliament speaker Nabih Berri, fits a trend evident not only in the broader Middle East, but also in countries like Russia where criticism of the Russian Orthodox Church is mounting because of its close association with the Kremlin.

A poll of Arab youth earlier this year showed that two thirds of those surveyed felt that religion played too large a role in their lives, up from 50% four years ago. Seventy-nine percent argued that religious institutions needed to be reformed while half said that religious values were holding the Arab world back.

To be sure, Iraqi denunciations of Iran were rooted in a history of Iraqi Shiite allegiance to the state evident in the fact that a majority of the Iraqi soldiers who died in the 1980s fighting an eight-year long war against Iran were Shiites, and long standing rivalry between Najaf, the Iraqi holy city that is home to Ayatollah Sistani, and Iran’s Qom.

It’s a history, despite the vicious sectarian violence in the years following the 2003 US-led invasion of Iraq, that contrasts starkly with the historical emphasis in Lebanon on sectarian identity that exploded in 1975 in a 15-year long civil war.

As a result, Lebanese protesters were more explicit in their rejection of a sectarian-based political system. Even supporters of Hezbollah transcended sectarian identities by ignoring a call by the group’s leader, Sheikh Hassan Nasrallah for an end to the protests.

“I’m financed by the embassy of Hela Hela Hela Ho-stan, who’s financing you?” said a demonstrator’s placard on Beirut’s Riad Solh Square, using a chant popular with the protesters.

Added protester Alaa, a Nasrallah supporter: “His priorities here are different from our priorities, we want to change the system, get ourselves a better life; in short we want a new life, while Hezbollah’s priorities are keeping the system and making sure they’re on good terms with their allies. For the first time ever, we are having a clear diversion in vision.”

James M. Dorsey

Dr. James M. Dorsey is an award-winning journalist and scholar, a Senior Fellow at the National University of Singapore's Middle East Institute and Adjunct Senior Fellow at Nanyang Technological University's S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, and the author of the syndicated column and blog.

One thought on “Countering Civilizationalism: Lebanese And Iraqi Protesters Transcend Sectarianism – Analysis

  • November 2, 2019 at 11:46 am
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    I would like to be very objective with this article by using historical facts. The two systems in Lebanon and Iraq were imposed by the people by foreign imperialist occupiers. Lebanon’s system was imposed by the French imperialist force after 1941. The system is based on religious and sectarian divisions. The Muslims were divided into Sunni and Shia and the Christens have their own. It has been a chaotic system designed to create a divided country with several civil wars. This system was connected to the imperialist division of the Arab land into many small useless countries occupied by foreign forces since 1917.
    Iraq was occupied by the British imperialism in 1917. The Brits established a puppet government in 1920 with a king to run the country. Iraq was never a sectarian country and the people as a whole were fighting against the British occupation. In 1958 General Qasam led a force and established the first Republic in July 14, 1958. The Republic was not based on sectarian and individuals were chosen from the diversified society to run the government.
    The system of the Iraqi republic continued. Many Shia individuals were in the government of the Ba’ath Party since 1968. Sunni, Christen, Kurdish, and other ehtinc leaders were running the republic. This Republic was destroyed and occupied by US imperialism after killing more than two million Iraqis and most of killed were in bombing and by snipers and a half million babies died due to economic sanctions. The US imperialist administration led by Bremer established a sectarian constitution and system which is a copy of the system in Lebanon. This imposed system led to a sectarian war after 2005 and then a sectrarian war under the so-called Daesh, a terrorist organization established by Obama and Clinton.
    These imperialist systems in Lebanon have provided nothing to the people of the two countries other than poverty, inequality, underdevelopment, civil wars, high unemployment and low wages, corruption, inefficient industries and agriculture, inflation, economic and political dependenecies with the control of finance and banks, and marginalized infrastructure and social services such as education and health.
    These exploitative sectarian systems controlled by world imperialism have generated the uprisings or the revolutions in Lebanon and Iraq. In both countries, people try to be liberated from foreign imperialism and to establish new modern systems creating employment, high income, low inflation, along with other benefits without sectarianism.
    In order words, people are rising against the imposed French and the American systems that have created chaos for these two countries. So, the rising is not about Iran and the Resistance forces in these two countries. Simply, Iran did not establish these two systems and these two systems were created when the Shah of Iran, a puppet, was in charged. And these resistance forces such as Hazbollah and the Popular Mobilization force (AL-Hashad AL-Sha’bi) were established to defend their countries aganist foreign occupations and terrorism. As we know, the French and the American systems imposed in Iraq and Lebanon had created phony armies without weapons and air defense systems and with small size of forces to defend the two governments.
    The author is changing the direction and the goals of the Revolution to make it against Iran and other forces. He has forgetten that the entire revolutions in both countries are totally against the French and the American imposed systems that have created all those problems stated in the above.

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